Foreword | p. ix |
Acknowledgements | p. xiii |
Preface | p. xv |
A Climate Change | p. xv |
B Nuclear Power and Nuclear Weapons Proliferation | p. xvii |
C Oil | p. xx |
D Lifestyles and Values | p. xx |
E Conclusions | p. xxii |
Chapter 1 Setting the Stage - A Brief Historical Overview | p. 1 |
A The Need for a Zero-CO[subscript 2] Economy in the United States | p. 1 |
B Historical Overview | p. 4 |
Plan of the Book | p. 13 |
Chapter 2 Broad Energy and Economic Considerations | p. 14 |
A Analysis of Energy Prices and Implicit CO[subscript 2] Prices | p. 18 |
1 Implicit CO[subscript 2] Price in the Electricity Sector | p. 18 |
2 CO[subscript 2] and Petroleum | p. 24 |
B Defining "Zero-CO[subscript 2] Emissions" | p. 26 |
Chapter 3 Technologies - Supply, Storage, and Conversion | p. 28 |
A Wind Energy | p. 30 |
B Solar Electricity | p. 37 |
C Biomass - Introduction | p. 45 |
D Microalgae | p. 48 |
E Grasses | p. 52 |
F Other High Productivity Biomass | p. 54 |
G Some Conclusions about Biomass | p. 58 |
H Solar Hydrogen | p. 59 |
I Wave Energy | p. 61 |
J Hot Rock Geothermal Energy | p. 61 |
K Energy Storage Technologies | p. 62 |
1 Batteries | p. 63 |
2 Capacitors | p. 67 |
3 Compressed Air Storage | p. 69 |
L Long-term Sequestration of CO[subscript 2] | p. 71 |
Chapter 4 Technologies - Demand-Side Sectors | p. 73 |
A Residential and Commercial Sectors | p. 73 |
Lighting | p. 82 |
B Transportation | p. 83 |
1 Fuel for Jet Aircraft | p. 84 |
2 Public Transportation | p. 88 |
C The Industrial Sector | p. 92 |
Chapter 5 A Reference Zero-CO[subscript 2] Scenario | p. 95 |
A Residential and Commercial Energy Use | p. 96 |
B Transportation and Industry | p. 98 |
C Electricity Production | p. 101 |
1 Methodological Note on Thermal and Other Losses in Electricity Production | p. 101 |
2 Electricity in the Reference Scenario | p. 103 |
D Overall Results | p. 107 |
Land Use Considerations | p. 107 |
Chapter 6 Options for the Roadmap to Zero-CO[subscript 2] Emissions | p. 112 |
A Hydrogen Production from Solar and Wind Energy | p. 112 |
B Efficiency and Electricity | p. 115 |
C Stationary Storage of Electricity | p. 117 |
D Feedstocks and Industrial Energy | p. 117 |
E Natural Gas Combined Cycle and Coal as Contingencies for the Electric Grid | p. 118 |
F Structural Changes in the Economy | p. 119 |
G Some Considerations in Setting Target Dates for Zero-CO[subscript 2] | p. 121 |
1 Historical Examples | p. 121 |
2 Demand Sector Considerations for a Target Phase-out Date | p. 123 |
H Estimating a Phase-out Schedule | p. 125 |
1 Ozone-depleting Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) | p. 125 |
2 A Range of Dates for Zero-CO[subscript 2] Emissions | p. 126 |
Chapter 7 Policy Considerations | p. 129 |
A A CO[subscript 2] Emissions Cap Declining to Zero | p. 131 |
1 Early Action Rewards | p. 135 |
2 Defining "Large Users" of Fossil Fuels | p. 135 |
3 Penalties | p. 138 |
4 Revenues | p. 138 |
B Small Users of Fossil Fuels | p. 139 |
1 Time-of-use Rates | p. 140 |
2 Incentives and Rebates | p. 141 |
3 Achieving Zero-CO[subscript 2] Emissions for Small Users | p. 142 |
C Government Actions | p. 142 |
D New Coal-fired Power Plants | p. 144 |
E Ending Subsidies for Nuclear Power and Fossil Fuels | p. 144 |
F Corporate and NGO Actions | p. 145 |
Chapter 8 Roadmap for a Zero-CO[subscript 2] Economy | p. 147 |
A A Preferred Renewable Energy Scenario | p. 147 |
B Timeline for Transformation | p. 149 |
C Macroeconomics of the Transition | p. 158 |
1 The Residential and Commercial Sectors | p. 159 |
2 Transportation | p. 162 |
D Projecting Business-as-usual | p. 163 |
Chapter 9 Summary | p. 165 |
A Findings | p. 166 |
B Recommendations: The Clean Dozen | p. 175 |
Afterword | p. 176 |
Glossary | p. 178 |
Appendix A Nuclear Power | p. 181 |
A History | p. 181 |
B Nuclear Waste | p. 184 |
The Global Nuclear Energy Program | p. 188 |
C Cost | p. 189 |
D Nuclear Power and Global Climate Change | p. 190 |
Appendix B Interview Regarding Industrial Greenhouse Gas Emissions | p. 193 |
Appendix C Japan Focus Interview on Carbon-Free and Nuclear-Free | p. 203 |
Endnotes | p. 208 |
References | p. 220 |