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Summary
Summary
From the author of the international bestseller On Tyranny , the definitive history of Hitler's and Stalin's politics of mass killing, explaining why Ukraine has been at the center of Western history for the last century.
Americans call the Second World War "the Good War." But before it even began, America's ally Stalin had killed millions of his own citizens-and kept killing them during and after the war. Before Hitler was defeated, he had murdered six million Jews and nearly as many other Europeans. At war's end, German and Soviet killing sites fell behind the Iron Curtain, leaving the history of mass killing in darkness.
Assiduously researched, deeply humane, and utterly definitive, Bloodlands is a new kind of European history, presenting the mass murders committed by the Nazi and Stalinist regimes as two aspects of a single story. Bloodlands is a required reading for anyone seeking to understand the central tragedy of modern history and its meaning today.
Author Notes
Timothy Snyder is the Housum Professor of History at Yale University and a permanent fellow at the Institute for Human Sciences in Vienna. He received his doctorate from the University of Oxford in 1997, where he was a British Marshall Scholar. Before joining the faculty at Yale in 2001, he held fellowships in Paris, Vienna, and Warsaw, and an Academy Scholarship at Harvard.
He has spent some ten years in Europe, and speaks five and reads ten European languages. Among his publications are several award-winning books, all of which have been translated: Nationalism, Marxism, and Modern Central Europe: A Biography of Kazimierz Kelles-Krauz ; The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999; Sketches from a Secret War: A Polish Artist's Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine ; The Red Prince: The Secret Lives of a Habsburg Archduke ; On Tyranny ; and The Road to Unfreedom . He has written for publications including the New York Review of Books , the New York Times, Foreign Affairs , the Times Literary Supplement, Nation , the New Republic , the International Herald Tribune , and the Wall Street Journal .
Reviews (5)
Booklist Review
If there is an explanation for the political killing perpetrated in eastern Europe in the 1930s and 1940s, historian Snyder roots it in agriculture. Stalin wanted to collectivize farmers; Hitler wanted to eliminate them so Germans could colonize the land. The dictators wielded frightening power to advance such fantasies toward reality, and the despots toted up about 14 million corpses between them, so stupefying a figure that Snyder sets himself three goals here: to break down the number into the various actions of murder that comprise it, from liquidation of the kulaks to the final solution; to restore humanity to the victims via surviving testimony to their fates; and to deny Hitler and Stalin any historical justification for their policies, which at the time had legions of supporters and have some even today. Such scope may render Snyder's project too imposing to casual readers, but it would engage those exposed to the period's chronology and major interpretive issues, such as the extent to which the Nazi and Soviet systems may be compared. Solid and judicious scholarship for large WWII collections.--Taylor, Gilbert Copyright 2010 Booklist
New York Review of Books Review
The parts of Europe traded between Stalin and Hitler endured the worst of utopia-tinged mass slaughter. FOR most Americans, who remember World War II as beginning in 1941, it is necessary to recall that Europe had succumbed to an infatuation with violence long before the United States entered the conflict. Timothy Snyder, a professor of history at Yale, compels us to look squarely at the full range of destruction committed first by Stalin's regime and then by Hitler's Reich. Each fashioned a terrifying orgy of deliberate mass killing. In "Bloodlands," Snyder concentrates on the area between Germany and Russia (Poland, Ukraine, the Baltic region and Belarus) that became the site of horrific experiments to create competing utopias based on class or race war. For Stalin, this meant controlling "the largest social group in the Soviet Union, the peasantry." They needed to be driven off small plots of land into more efficient collective farms; many were forced to move to factory zones to sustain rapid industrialization. Ukraine became ground zero for the resulting artificial famine. The regime confiscated grain for the cities, while sealing the borders to prevent people from escaping, or bearing witness. The Holodomor, as Ukrainians call it, destroyed over three million men, women and children. More than 2,500 were sentenced for cannibalism in 1932 and 1933. By 1937, "the Soviet census found eight million fewer people than projected," largely in Ukraine. Stalin refused to circulate the information and, consistent with his usual practice, "had the responsible demographers executed." But Stalin was not done. Within a few years, the Great Terror, as it was called, engulfed party officials and the Red Army, leading to the execution of tens of thousands of officers and officials. The Terror also involved the killing of hundreds of thousands of peasants and members of national minorities, most notably Soviet Poles, and again more Ukrainians. Stalin felt the need to explain the casualties of collectivization by blaming enemies who had sabotaged his plans. Poles inside the Soviet Union, who numbered over 600,000 at that time, fit the bill. Ordered to make large-scale arrests, the state police looked for Polish names in the telephone book. In Leningrad, nearly 7,000 people were rounded up; a vast majority were executed within 10 days. With the start of World War II in September 1939, Hitler soon occupied a large part of Poland. But he did not immediately engage in genocide against the Jews. It's true that ghettos were constructed in Warsaw and Lodz, and that tens of thousands of Polish Jews perished from random shootings, exposure and disease. Still, this was not yet the Holocaust. At the time, Hitler had in mind the extermination of a good many Poles: "the educated, the clergy, the politically active " Such a plan would probably have killed more than the three million Polish Jews that the Nazis eventually murdered. And there was an even broader goal - Generalplan Ost - that was designed to eliminate somewhere between 31 million and 45 million Slavs to give the Germans living space in the East. Snyder cannot help concluding that "the Germans intended worse than they achieved." But once Hitler invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941 - "the beginning of a calamity that defies description," Snyder writes - he turned his full attention to the Jews. Snyder recounts an aspect of the Holocaust that remains unfamiliar to many Americans. Even today, the prevailing image is the fate of Jewish families like Anne Frank's, who were rounded up and transported to killing centers in Poland. But it was in German-controlled Soviet territory that the Nazis carried out the full logic of their murderous intentions. Within a half-year, the Wehrmacht succeeded in occupying all of Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic States. And it was here, with the murder first of Jewish men and then of the entire Jewish populations of small towns, that the Germans began the systematic open-air massacres that resulted in the slaughter of two and a half million Jews in German-occupied Soviet territory, a proportion of the six million that remains hard to grasp. Babi Yar was a ravine outside Kiev where the Germans killed more than 33,000 Jews in two days of continuous shooting; this atrocity was matched by thousands of similar massacres, large and small, until 1944, when the Red Army succeeded in driving the Wehrmacht out of Soviet territory. Drawing on material in several European languages, including memoirs and scholarly literature, Snyder recounts this sequence of mass murder - by Stalin and then by Hitler - which accounted for 14 million civilian deaths in little more than a dozen years. Every nationality in the region and many other categories - Poles, Ukrainians, Belarussians, Soviet P.O.W.'s and Jews - were victimized. Snyder punctuates his comprehensive and eloquent account with brief glimpses of individual victims, perpetrators and witnesses, among them the Welsh journalist Gareth Jones, who wrote about Soviet Ukraine and Nazi Germany in the 1930s; Vsevolod Balytskyi, Stalin's security chief for Ukraine, who invented the "Polish Military Organization" to explain the famine and justify a roundup of Soviet Poles; and the frightful Vasily Blokhin, one of Stalin's most reliable executioners, who wore "a leather cap, apron and long gloves to keep the blood and gore from himself and his uniform." Blokhin is reported to have personally shot more than 7,000 Polish prisoners in 28 days as part of the notorious Katyn massacre in 1940. BUT "Bloodlands" falters when Snyder comes to deal with the aftermath of the war in the Soviet Union. Stalin became obsessed with the Jews. Members of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, which had conducted an effective propaganda campaign on behalf of the wartime alliance between the Kremlin and the Western democracies, were arrested and convicted in a secret trial in 1952. Snyder fails to grasp the significance of the case. Claiming there were 14 defendants (in fact there were 15), he refers to them as "more or less unknown Soviet Jews." But the 15 included five renowned Yiddish writers and poets, men like Peretz Markish and David Bergelson, who had international reputations. And the leading defendant, Solomon Abramovich Lozovsky, was an old Bolshevik who had been mentioned by John Reed in "Ten Days That Shook the World" for his role in revolutionary Petrograd. He is even referred to in the diaries of Joseph Goebbels; it was Lozovsky, as deputy Soviet foreign minister, who responded to Goebbels's demagogic attacks on the Soviet government. Not long after the Red Army had liberated Auschwitz, the remnants of Soviet Yiddish culture found themselves subjected to secret trials and executions. This sent a disheartening signal to the surviving Soviet Jews, leading them to believe that they had no place in Soviet society and spurring them to try to leave the country. Within two decades, the Jewish emigration movement, together with the broader Soviet human rights campaign, contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union itself. Homeless peasants near Kiev in 1934, during the famine engineered by Stalin. Joshua Rubenstein is the Northeast regional director of Amnesty International USA and a co-editor of "The Unknown Black Book: The Holocaust in the German-Occupied Soviet Territories."
Choice Review
As Snyder (Yale) points out in this history of eastern Europe between the Soviet collectivization of agriculture through the end of the Holocaust, 14 million people living on this land--roughly between Berlin and Moscow--died at the hands of Stalin's Russia and Hitler's Germany. Although the most famous example of mass murder in the "bloodlands" was the gassing of Jews in Nazi death camps, Snyder points out that the victims perished in every way imaginable, especially starvation and as the result of mass shootings in places such as Babi Yar. While nothing that Snyder has to say will surprise scholars, they are not the book's intended audience. The author writes for educated nonexperts, those who want to learn more about the greatest crimes in European history. The result is popular history of the highest order. Not only does Snyder effectively relate the motivations behind Stalin's and Hitler's crimes, but he also exhibits a capable eye for the telling detail. The numerous stories of individuals who suffered in the "bloodlands" humanize the carnage perpetrated in the name of the Stalinist and National Socialist ideologies. This is, perhaps, Snyder's most noteworthy accomplishment. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Public, general, and undergraduate libraries. R. W. Lemmons Jacksonville State University
Guardian Review
The Nazi-Soviet alliance of 1939 was "cemented in blood", said Stalin, and in this powerful history of political mass murder, Snyder describes how Hitler and Stalin murdered some 14 million men, women and children in central Poland, western Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic states. More than half of them died from starvation. "After starvation came shooting, and then gassing," writes Snyder, who explains how, statistically, most of the slaughter took place not in the Nazi gas chambers or in the Siberian gulags but in these "bloodlands" where most of the Jews of Europe lived, this victimised interzone between Germany and the USSR. Snyder steers clear of questions of moral equivalence between Soviet and Nazi atrocities, but instead highlights a perverse synergy between the two regimes in which their interaction, as allies or as enemies, always had the same result of facilitating mass murder. Yet Snyder also takes pains to reaffirm the individuality of each victim, "to turn the numbers back into people". - Ian Pindar The Nazi-Soviet alliance of 1939 was "cemented in blood", said Stalin, and in this powerful history of political mass murder, Snyder describes how Hitler and Stalin murdered some 14 million men, women and children in central Poland, western Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic states. - Ian Pindar.
Kirkus Review
A chillingly systematic study of the mass murder mutually perpetrated by the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany.From 1933 to 1945, 14 million people were murdered between the two regimes, as Stalin and Hitler consolidated power, jointly occupied Poland and waged war against each other. The region of mass slaughter was largely contained between the two, from central Poland to western Russia and including Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic statesa region Snyder (History/Yale Univ.;The Red Prince: The Secret Lives of a Habsburg Duke, 2008, etc.) terms the "bloodlands." The author asserts that the fuzzy understanding of the death camps has skewed the truth about the mass killing, only hinting at their terrifying extent. "The horror of the twentieth century is thought to be located in the camps," he writes. "But the concentration camps are not where most of the victims of National Socialism and Stalinism died." Half of the killings within this period were caused by starvation, as a result of Stalin's starvation policy of the early '30s (a five-year plan of "industrial development at the price of popular misery") and Hitler's deliberate starvation of Soviet prisoners of war. Snyder traces how Stalin's focus on collectivization and famine "had unwittingly performed much of the ideological work that helped Hitler come to power." Stalin had already been secretly practicing mass murder on the Polish population during the Great Terror, well before the "large open pogrom" of Kristallnacht. Hitler recognized their joint "common desire to get rid of the old equilibrium" and neatly divide and destroy Poland at the Molotov-Ribbentrop line. His Hunger Plan was followed by massive depopulation in the forms of deportation, shooting, forced labor and, eventually, the death factories. Snyder devotes ample space to the partisan efforts, the incineration of Warsaw and Stalin's eager postwar ethnic-cleansing sweep. In the concluding chapter, "Humanity," the author urges readers to join him in a clear-eyed reexamination of this comparative history of mass murder and widespread suffering.A significant work of staggering figures and scholarship.]] Copyright Kirkus Reviews, used with permission.
Table of Contents
| Preface: Europe | p. vii |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| 1 The Soviet Famines | p. 21 |
| 2 Class Terror | p. 59 |
| 3 National Terror | p. 89 |
| 4 Molotov-Ribbentrop Europe | p. 119 |
| 5 The Economics of Apocalypse | p. 155 |
| 6 Final Solution | p. 187 |
| 7 Holocaust And Revenge | p. 225 |
| 8 The Nazi Death Factories | p. 253 |
| 9 Resistance And Incineration | p. 277 |
| 10 Ethnic Cleansings | p. 313 |
| 11 Stalinist Anti-Semitism | p. 339 |
| Conclusion: Humanity | p. 379 |
| Numbers and Terms | p. 409 |
| Abstract | p. 415 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 419 |
| Bibliography | p. 423 |
| Notes | p. 463 |
| Index | p. 507 |
